Nathaniel P. Hill Memorial Library

A. IN-TEXT CITATIONS

When citing information (whether quoted or paraphrased) in the text of your paper, insert a parenthetical citation to give proper credit. HINT: use NoodleTools to get the proper format, and then copy and paste it into your document.

A parenthetical citation is made up of two components: (AUTHOR LAST NAME(s) PAGE #)

• 1 AUTHOR: (Hooper 3)
• 2 AUTHORS: (Hooper and Seals 3-4)
• 3+ AUTHORS: (Hooper et al. 3)
• NO PAGE NUMBERS: (Hooper)
• NO AUTHOR: Use the first noun phrase of the title, or if it does not start with a noun phrase use the first word (if it will differentiate from other sources in the Works Cited – if necessary add the second word). Italicize book titles, use quotation marks for article titles. (Citations 3-5) [Book] or ("Citations" 3-5) [article]

• ​​​​Punctuation: Pay careful attention to the formatting of the sentence punctuation with the in-text citations. Parentheses fall within the existing sentence punctuation, but outside of any quotation marks. 
• Long quotations (more than 4 lines) should be formatted as a block quote (1/2 indent from margin). The in-text citation is listed after the final punctuation (in contrast to the short quotes or paraphrasing listed above). 
• Citing an indirect source: Use the original source whenever possible. If not possible, when using a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses.

Quotes:

• According to Jones, "Students often had difficulty using MLA style, especially when it was their first time" (199).
   
• Jones and Evans found "students often had difficulty using MLA style" (199); what implications does this have for teachers?
   
• She stated, "Students often had difficulty using MLA style" (Jones et al. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

Paraphrase:

• According to Jones, MLA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (199).
   
• MLA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones 199).

Long Quote:

Jones's study found the following: Students often had difficulty using MLA style,especially when it was their first time citing  sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style  manual or to ask their teacher for help. (199)

Indirect Source:

• Johnson argued that "MLA is an easy citation style" (qtd in Smith 102).

B. WORKS CITED:

• You must include a complete list of all of the sources that you used on a separate page under the title "Works Cited".
• We recommend using Noodletools to format your MLA citations into a proper Works Cited List. See example below.

Formatting:

• Double-spaced

• Alphabetized by author's last name.

• Hanging indent

A. In-text citation

• for a quotation or paraphrase: must include author, year of publication and page numbers (if available).

1. Author

• 1 author: (Jones, 1998, p. 199)
• 2 authors: (Jones & Evans, 1998, p. 199) or Jones and Evans (1998) argue...
• 3-5 authors: (Jones, Evans, Hooper & Seals, 1998, p. 199) or Jones
• 6+ authors: (Jones et al., 1998, p. 199
• Author Unknown: use the beginning of the title (“Using APA”, 1998, p. 199) or (APA Citation, 1998, p. 199)
• More author info: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/

2. Year of publication

• If date unknown, use: (n.d.)

3. Page number (if available)

• Punctuation: Pay careful attention to the formatting of the sentence punctuation with the in-text citations. Parentheses fall within the existing sentence punctuation, but outside of any quotation marks. 
   
• Long quotations (40 words or longer) should be formatted as a block quote (1/2 indent from margin). The in-text citation is listed after the final punctuation (in contrast to the short quotes or paraphrasing listed above). 
   
• Citing an indirect source: If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses.

Quotes:

• According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).
   
• Jones and Evans (n.d.) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?
   
• She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones et al., 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

Paraphrase:

• According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (p. 199).
   
• APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

Long Quote:

Jones's (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style,especially when it was their first time citing  sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style  manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

Indirect Source:

• Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).

B. Reference List:

• You must include a complete list of all of the sources that you used on a separate page under the title "References".
• We recommend using Noodletools to format your APA citations into a proper Reference List. See example below.

Formatting:

• Double-spaced

• Alphabetized by author's last name.

• Hanging indent